Green Banking: An Evaluation on Rupali Bank Limited

Green Banking: An Evaluation on Rupali Bank Limited Green Banking- Way to Sustainable Development: An Evaluation on Rupali Bank Limited Introduction Background of the study Green banking is a process of promoting environment friendly practices by different banking activities. Bangladesh is a most climate change vulnerable country in the world and green banking is a tool for acquiring reputation. Green bankers are concerned about sustainable development and it is a special agenda to take care of environment of the earth. Green banking is a proactive and effective step with a vision for future sustainability. Green banking activities are sustainable banking, ethical banking, green money market account, mobile banking, waste management, remote deposit and green financing. Green banking focuses on green transformation of internal operations of all banks. Bangladesh falls into the group of most climate change countries in the world comparison with other developing and developed countries. Bangladesh Bank issued green banking policy guideline in February 2011 to conduct environment friendly banking activities in the country. According to these guidelines, all financial institutions and banks need to take effective measures to conduct environment friendly banking activities in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bank issued a common reporting format to all commercial banks to report green banking activities in a structured way. Banks and other financial institutions have to submit a quarterly report to Bangladesh Bank on their performance of green banking activities. According to green banking policy of Bangladesh bank, banks have to determine vision, mission and strategic planning covering in house green banking activities like follow green architecture, use energy saving technologies, reduce dependency on grid power and green financing practices l ike providing green loan to promote solar energy, bio gas plants, develop green banking products for clients, increase online and mobile banking etc. Rupali Bank Limited performs several green banking activities like in house environment management, green financing like installation of EFT, Bio gas plant, establishment of solar panel etc. Rupali Bank Limited also involves in green marketing activities to ensure environment friendly activities like plant tree, finance in environment friendly projects, pay bill via online, be paperless etc. Objectives of the study There have been some objectives set forward in doing this report. These objectives help to determine Bank’s green banking activities to maintain sustainable development growth. The objective of the report can be divided into two parts- Broad Objective: To identify the degree of green banking activities of Rupali Bank To identify the further scope of green banking activities for Rupali Bank Specific Objective: To get an overall idea about the green banking policy and green banking unit To identify funds for green banking activities of Rupali Bank Limited To identify others green banking activities like online banking, in house environment management activities, incorporation of ERM, CSR activities, green financing, green marketing etc Rationale of the study Climate change is the most complicated issues in global world and Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable country in the world. Climate change has compelled us to think about protection of environment and conservation of energy. To reduce pollution and save energy, green banking activities are very important in Bangladesh as well as in the whole world. I have chosen the topic titled â€Å"Green Banking- Way to Sustainable Development: An Evaluation on Rupali Bank Limited† for providing overall ideas about green banking activities, green banking policy, green banking unit of Rupali Bank Limited. This study topic is very worthy of study because it provides guidelines of green banking activities, procedures and ways to sustainable development in Bangladesh. Scope of the study This report has been prepared for determining green banking activities of Rupali bank and how it helps to increase sustainable growth. Overall knowledge of green banking activities of Rupali bank limited has been determined by this study. Several procedures and ways of sustainable growth are found by determining appropriate green banking activities of Rupali bank Limited. Further scope of green banking activities of Rupali bank ltd also critically analyzed in this study. Limitations of the study Almost every study report has to face some limitations in its completion. I also face some constraints to make this report. These constraints are described here. Time constraints Covering the entire Green Banking performance of the bank was a difficult task within the time allowed for the internship program. I have to complete this report within 5 to 6 weeks. So I have not included all aspects of green banking activities in this report. Lack of published materials I do not get available information about green banking activities in Rupali bank in their websites and personally contracted with their office. As a result this report is in lack of some specific information about their green banking activities. Lack of experience To make a comprehensive report of green banking activities and determine ways to sustainable development, I require a great deal of experience and banking knowledge. As a BBA student, I do not have that kind of knowledge and experience. Organization of the report This report will be described about overall activities, scope, problems and some possible solutions of green banking activities of Rupali bank limited. Introduction part describes rationale of the study, scope of the study and main limitations of this study. 2nd part is literature part and literature part is evaluative report of information found in the literature related to my selected area of the study: Green banking- Way to sustainable development: an Evaluation on Rupali Bank limited. In Methodology part of the report, I will be provided an accurate description of the materials and procedures used to develop this study. This study will be both quantitative and qualitative study because different facts and figures are needed to discussed and analyzed here. Organizational overview is the next step of developing this study. In this stage, descriptions of Rupali bank limited like history, mission, vision, present conditions of bank will be provided. In Findings and discussion stage, the results of this study will be found in summary basis and this result will be presented descriptively by using tables, graphs or figures. In discussion section, I critically evaluate my findings and assess the accuracy, representativeness and significance of findings. Conclusion and recommendation part will be described the outcomes of this study and given some suggestions for further research action to be taken. 1 | Page What Is Game Based Learning? An Evaluation What Is Game Based Learning? An Evaluation Many people believe that gaming is addictive and can lead to violence, a belief that is not substantiated by research. Researchers have shown that the source of behavioral problems of young people who play video games comes from elsewhere. One study found that people who play video games spend just as much time reading, doing homework or participating in other social activities as people who do not play games at all. This raises the question: can video games be used for learning in the classroom and would they have positive results? When education starts to feel dull, we are not being engaged or motivated, which means we are not really learning. According to Foreman we can look at the lecture as an example. With all the technology being thrown at young people today, they are going to say, why am I sitting in this lecture listening to this person? Learning is just not memorization; it means the act or process of acquiring knowledge or skill. Students do not need to spend more time in the classroom to learn how to think and perform. They need effective, engaging experiences that can motivate them in the learning process. Educational games can be a powerful tool for teaching and learning. These games are used to reinforce learning, they offer immediate feedback, recurring gratification and prolong the interest of learners. Why it works Game-based learning is a simple concept, where games are used as a learning tool to engage students. In Jane McGonigals book, a game is defined as an activity that has goals, rules, a feedback system, and voluntary participation (pg 100). Some pedagogical considerations that are derived from game based learning are that content and/or skills can enhance learning vs. traditional methods; Students can build their own games in order to learn and develop skills; They can use game mechanics in the learning environment, for example using levels instead of grades, coined gamification of the learning process. In 2003 author, James Paul Gee wrote the book, and in it he described the impact of cognitive development with game play. Gee developed 36 different learning principles that games being used in education should have. From these principles we can look at game based learning from two perspectives. The first is learning effectiveness. The second is engagement. When considering learning effectiveness, we can consider whether the game provides meaningful learning activity or whether the game is just a fun activity and does not necessarily lead to learning. We can look at what the learning outcomes are including memorization, knowledge, understanding, synthesis and creativity. For all these various learning outcomes, games can provide an enriched learning experience. The second perspective, the elements of engagement from Games Based Learning (GBL); we can ask does the game enhance learner motivation, does the game provide a fun learning experience? Is it interesting or is it a very tedious, boring learning experience? Does it add to learner concentration? Does it get the learners full attention? And finally learning by doing, games can provide an experience where the learner has to intensely engage in various activities. Where is it going? Over the last decade, research and interest in GBL has increased, as has the diversity of games themselves. Serious games and computer simulations offer an interesting context for learning because they both reinforce student motivation. Researchers found that students playing serious games or who participated in computer simulations were a lot more active as they manipulated objects. Students also had control over their actions and were more engaged in their learning. Researchers found that animation in the games increased motivation, and that students were more likely to return to activities that included animated graphics. They also found that serious games support inductive, experiential learning, with a genuine constructivism approach. Online gaming provides a context for adaptive learning, because they allow for multiple personalized paths or itineraries. Communication among players also introduces a social aspect that opens doors to knowledge acquisition with peers. Challenged- based and collaborative games are an emerging category of games that seem particularly appropriate for higher education. These games allow students to use skills for research, collaboration, problem solving, writing, leadership, digital literacy and many more. They are open-ended and occur in both online and non-digital forms. Games will undoubtedly evolve in the future and therefore GBL will also need to evolve, we are seeing new types of gaming, such as alternate reality games, social/mobile games, we are also seeing innovative new ways to use GBL. Conclusion Game-based learning has gained more traction in recent years and is becoming more accessible with many benefits. Game-based learning can make learning more situated, contextualized and personalized. GBL can be used for learning content and skills, including 21st century skills like innovative problem solving and collaboration. GBL can even be used for practicing and honing existing skills. Game based-learning engages students, and if students are engaged they will embrace learning rather than view it as a tedious boring learning experience. AC Voltammetry: Principles, Advantages and Disadvantages AC Voltammetry: Principles, Advantages and Disadvantages Name TEH YU JIE (K) NOOR HASIRA BINTI SAMSUDIN NUR NADIAH BINTI ABU BAKAR NUR NIQMAH BINTI MUSA NUR SYAHIRAH BINTI KHAIRUDDIN KHANG EE WEN INTRODUCTION Nobel Prize winning chemist Jaroslav Heyrovskà ½ facilitated voltammetry by the discovery of polarography by in the year of 1922. Alternative current voltammetry was invented in 1950s and developed intensively by D.E Smith. Alternative current (AC) voltammetry is an accurate electroanalysis method and combination with preconcentration will enhance the sensitivities of this analytical techniques. AC Voltammetry generally involves in the application of a sinusodially oscillating voltage to an electrochemical cell. The AC experiment is used in conjunction with a fixed amplifier or frequency analyser which will increase sensitivity considerably over the early described techniques. AC voltammetry can also reveal the important of mechanistic and kinetic information which is not easily available when using the tradition voltammetric techniques. Measurement of AC voltammetric is usually used in an electrochemical cell and the dominate mode of transport is diffusion. A steady DC signal or voltage sweep will often combined with the AC voltage. The following figure shows a cyclic voltammetric signal with an AC perturbation. Alternating potential usually has a frequency of 50-100Hz and 10-20mV amplitude. The AC signal causes a perturbation in the surface concentration and DC potential ramp maintained the concentration. The resulting AC current is plotted against the potential. For example, voltammogram appears a peak, the potential of which is the same as the polarographic half-wave potential. At this region, the sinusoid has maximum impact on the surface concentration like on the current. For a reversible system, such a response is actually the derivative of the DC polarographic response. The concentration of the analyte is proportional to the height of the AC voltammetric peak and for a reversible reaction to the square root of the frequency (ω), the term is the amplitude. WORKING PRINCIPLE AC Voltammetry typically involves the application of a sinusodially oscillating voltage to a electrochemical cell. When used in conjuction in the ac experiment with a lock in amplifier or frequency analyser. It offers a considerably increased sensitivity compared to the early described techniques. It can also reveal necessary mechanistic and kinetic information that are not easily available by using some other tradition voltammetric techniques.Usually, diffusion is perfomed as it was the dominate mode of transport. The AC voltage is often combined with either a steady DC signal or voltage sweep. There are three component steps involved in an electrochemical process, mass transport,chemical and adsorption steps and electron transfer. They all are actually contribute to the total potential drop across the cell. If an AC current flows, it will be necessary to distinguish purely ohmic resistance from non-ohmic,complex and normally frequency dependent resistance(often term impedance).Besides,treatment of the AC response of electrochemical cells will follow the pathway with initially a general treatment. The treatment of the two simpler cases of purely diffusion controlled and purely electrochemically controlled reactions will be conducted. Under AC measurements,there are 5 methods: Influence of transport processes on the ac impedances of an electrochemical cell. Equivalent circuit for an electrode-diffusion-limited reaction.(the circuit elements describing the flow of ac current through an electrode comprises an electron transfer resistance,Rà ¡Ã‚ ´Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ and Warburg impedance,Zà ¡Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¡ in series. AC impedance of an electrode where the electron transfer process is rate limiting. Logarithmic or bode plot representations. Electrode reactions under mixed control Alternating current bridges use the principle of balance between the variable impendance, ZS and an electrochemical cell under study. An electrode process normally consists of a resistance RS in series with a capacitance CS. The resistance includes the resistive components of the electrode process of the solution and the capacitance is due to the working electrode. A combination of capacitance and resistance has been used in parallel. The analysis is more carried out in these conditions in terms of admittance Y=1/Z Potentiostat is more convenient to use when it is important to apply a d.c potential to the cell in addition to the a.c perturbation. Potentiostat is simultaneously applies the d.c potential and the detection rather than conventional detector. It is good stability in the applied potential and accuracy for wide range of frequencies while the electronic component of the potentiostat is only limited by these characteristics. This arrangement is known as a potentiostatic bridge. The accuracy of bridges at high frequencies are depends on cell design. This is due to the ions are moving faster than the time needed for rearrangement of the ionic atmosphere and occur above 10 MHZ . The technique is actually very similar to the normal frequencies but it was also time consuming. This technique also has a disadvantage such as the impendance of the whole cell is measured. In the investigation of electrode process the disadvantage when one is interested in the properties of one of electrode. By using an auxiliary electrode with an area large relative to that electrode, it is possible to reduce the contribution of the unwanted components. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES AC Voltammetry is one of the techniques based on the analysis of faradaic impedance. A low-amplitude sinusoidal voltage is given to the working electrode, which is also established at some DC voltage with regard to the reference electrode. Because of the difference in the time scale, the AC component of the total current can be readily differentiated from the DC component. The kinetic parameters can be carried out either from the amplitude of each current or from the phase angle between the AC current and AC voltage (C.G Zoski, 2007). The significant advantage of AC Voltammetry is that it allows relatively easy evaluation of the solution resistance and double layer capacity. Without simplifying assumptions the analysis of faradaic impedance even for a simple response is quite complicated. The commonly used assumption is that the DC and as components of the total current can be uncoupled is reasonable because AC Voltammetry is typically applied to measure fast electrode kinetics. The other advantage of voltammetry as quantitative method of analysis is its capability for analyzing two or more analytes in a single sample. As long as the components behave independently, the resulting voltammetry for a multi component mixture is a summation of their respective individual voltammograms. Voltammetry has been used for the quantitative analysis of a wide variety of samples, including environmental samples, clinical samples, pharmaceutical formulations, steels, gasoline, and oil. Some advantages and disadvantages are specified in the form of accuracy, precision, sensitivity and selectivity. The accuracy of a voltammetric analysis usually is limited by ability to correct for residual currents, particularly those due to charging. For an analyte at the parts-per-million level, an accuracy of  ±1–3% is routine. Accuracy decreases when analysing samples with significantly smaller concentrations of analyte. Precision is generally limited by the uncertainty in measuring the limiting current or the peak current. Under most conditions, a precision of  ±1–3% is reasonable. One exception is the analysis of ultratrace analytes in complex matrices by stripping Voltammetry, in which the precision may be as poor as  ±25%. In many voltammetric experiments, we can improve the sensitivity by adjusting the experimental conditions. For example, in stripping voltammetry we can improve sensitivity by increasing the deposition time, by increasing the rate of the linear potential scan, or by using a differential-pulse technique. One reason that potential pulse techniques are popular is that they provide an improvement in current relative to a linear potential scan. Lastly, selectivity in voltammetry is determined by the difference between half-wave potentials or peak potentials, with a minimum difference of  ±0.2–0.3 V for a linear potential scan and  ±0.04–0.05 V for differential pulse voltammetry. We often can improve the selectivity by adjusting solution conditions. The addition of a complexion legend, for example, can substantially shift the potential where a species are oxidized or reduced to a potential where it no longer interferes with the determination of an analyte. Other solution parameters, such as pH, also can be used to improve selectivity ( D.Harvey,2000). COMPARISON OF AC VOLTAMMETRY WITH OTHER TYPES OF VOLTAMMETRY Voltammetry is a category for electro analytical method mostly used in analytical chemistry and various industry processes. Consist a lot of example of voltammetry that been used such linear sweep voltammetry, staircase voltammetry, square wave voltammetry. Others example like cyclic voltammetry consist of method that can be used to determine diffusion coefficient and half-cell reduction potentials. Anodic stripping voltammetry are also the example of voltammetry that are quantitative analytical method for trace analysis of metal cations. Then, cathodic stripping voltammetry are also as example of this voltammetry that are quantitative analytical method for trace analysis of anions. Other than that, adsorptive stripping voltammetry is a quantitative and analytical method for trace analysis. Alternating current voltammetry and polarography in example of voltammetry that polarography is a subclass of voltammetry where the working electrode is a dropping mercury electrode that useful for its wide cathodic range. Lastly, rotated electrode voltammetry is a hydrodynamic technique in which the working electrode. This technique is useful for studying the kinetics and electrochemical reaction mechanism for a half reaction. Then, the normal pulse voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry. RESEARCH IN AC VOLTAMMETRY Ac voltammetry is a method that seldom used on the determination of elemental elements. In general principle, the determinations are usually done is a more conventional way, that is by connecting two electron reversible electrochemical process. During the process, the mercury is oxidized to form mercury (II) ions and the electrode surface will formed at the electrode surface. In this research, we will be analyzing elemental sulfur with AC voltammetry. Generally speaking, the elemental sulfur will undergo the chemical pretreatment. For example, the process with solvent such as ethanol and toluene-methanol or methanol-pyridine. The process involved mostly organic solvent. Why the process is carried out with pretreatment but not direct determination? This is because the aqueous solutions mostly contain too less elemental sulfur to be determined. To overcome the problem, some scientist suggest that using acidification of sample to pH 5 and then with electrochemical treatment. The method itself has a higher detection rates compared to the previous one, but actually still too low for economical values.According to Batuna (1992), they try to determine the elemental sulfur by using direct determination method. And the source is natural water. The researchers are conducting the research using phase sensitive ac voltammetry because the instrument is easier to be found in the laboratory in the author’s lab. The research continues with using a PAR Model 303A static mercury drop electrode from EG G Princeton Applied Research. It was connected to a BAS-100A electrochemical analyser from Bioanalytical System that located in the West Lafayatte. They used a reference electrode of Ag/AgCl and an auxillary electrode of platinum. The instrument takes the measurement at 80 Hz and a modulation scan rate of 1 mV s-1. The temperature of the conditions was at room temperature. The solutions were deaerated for 15 minutes by using nitrogen gas and then doubly distilled and filtered with the Milli-Q filter. All measurement was actually made at the pH 10 to prevent the formation of volatile H2S. The stock solution was prepared from using the reaction between elemental sulfur and toluene. The solutions have to be prepared just before the measurements were made. This is because to prevent contamination and more complete reaction can be conducted. PAR Model 303A static mercury drop electrode RESULTS The determination of sulphide in aqueous solution are based on the insoluble mercury (II) sulphide during the accumulation period at potential more positive than ca- 0.58V. Hg + S2- à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   HgS + 2e A and B were showing the typical ac voltammogram of sulphide in 0.5 moldm-3 NaCl-NaOH. C is a negative going scans of 110-6 moldm-3 after 0-300s accumulation at a potential 0.5V. D shows that positive going scans of 110-4 moldm-3 sulphide after 0-120s accumulation at a potential at 0.8 V. The difference between the peaks obtained using negative- and positive-going scan directions are more favor to the negative direction. It is also important to note that there is actually no effect of accumulation under conditions on the peak height obtained with a positive-gong scan . This agrees well with the explanation that during the positive-going scan, the anodlc dissolution of mercury occurs, which is proportional to the adsorbed sulphlde on the mercury electrode. REFERENCES Zoski,C., (2007), Handbook of Electrochemistry, Elsevier Publication, Amsterdam Netherland, pg 645.,Retrieved at 15/3/2014. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.my/books?id=2g5GJtBFwo0Cpg=PA645lpg=PA645dq=difference+between+ac+and+dc+voltammetrysource=blots=0PAeXF0kMSsig=ops4MLGzE7IfXoO2lN1p73jt4Aohl=ensa=Xei=XQknU_PeJsnIiAfXx4CQCgredir_esc=y#v=onepageqf=false Harvey, D., (2000), Modern Analytical Chemistry, McGraw Hills, United States of America, pg 508-527. Jurgen, (2003). Cyclic Voltammetry-Electrochemical spectroscopy. Angewandte Chemie 23(11),831–918.Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.v23:11/issuetoc Carl,H, Andrew,V., (1998),Electrochemical Methods, Fundamental and application(2 ed.) pg 236-242 Brett,M. ,Oliveria,B.(1993),Electrochemistry Principles,Methods and Applications pg 225-227. Nikola , B. ,(1992)., Determination of elemental sulphur, sulphide and their mixtures in electrolyte solutions by a.c. voltammetry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 267(1), 157-164. Retrieved at 5/3/2014. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003267092850182 Wang J. (2006).,Analytical Electrochemistry (3rd ed.). Hoboken, United States : John Wiley Sons, Inc AC voltammetry. (n.d.)., from University of Cambridge. Center for research in electrochemical science and technology: Retrieved March 9, 2014.,Retrieved from http://www.cheng.cam.ac.uk/research/groups/electrochem/JAVA/electrochemistry/ELEC/l6html/cvac.html