Companies must develop effective Crisis Communication techniques to Essay - 1

Companies must develop effective Crisis Communication techniques to respond to problems or dangers - Essay Example It is preferable for the organizations to prepare themselves for facing the crises situation, by arranging for various effective crisis communication or techniques. The study would be reflecting the significance of crises communication techniques in terms of handling crises situations within the organizations. Crises Communication: Concept and significance In order to prevent them from facing any crises situation, every organization plans for effective crises communication techniques. Crises communication is mainly the sub specialty of the strategy associated with the public relation activity, which is planned, designed and implemented for protecting any organization from facing any sort of challenge harmful for its reputation (Greenberg and Elliott, 2009). Such a challenge might include any sort of immoral allegation, media inquiry, inquiry from any government agency etc. As already stated above almost every organization is vulnerable to face crises situation once in its overall ope rational life time. It becomes very important for the organizations to prepare them for these crises situation. If they fail to plan for effective crises communication strategies within time then it would result in incurring more damage for them. The crises management plans should be efficient enough to address to the communication issues linked with the crises or disastrous situation. If the companies do not prepare themselves for the crises situation, then it would result in a number of negative outcomes for them, such as: The operational response will get disturbed. The stakeholders will become totally confused, annoyed and react in a negative manner. The solution to such crises situation either will not be reached by the companies or will take long time to get resolved. It is often the joint effort of a large number of online platforms along with the common people who victimize the organizations and guarantees to the fact that they face crises situation by spreading harmful mess ages, which negatively impacts their reputation. These messages are often termed as ‘rumours’. The art of dragging an organization into worst situation is such that if somehow the messages that are spread are found as true, then the victimized companies would be dragged to distrustful corner without giving them a single chance of collecting relevant evidences to prove themselves innocent. In case of an urgent situation, the organizations should communicate with the customers, stakeholders and media instead of avoiding such a circumstance. Avoidance to the crises situation results in increasing distrust of the customers, employees and other stakeholders. Thus, the organizations should be ready with communication plans for handling such situations by communicating with the internal and external stakeholders in an accurate and prompt manner. They should be reached in such manner that they appear to be the priority for the organizations holding high value. In case of any cr isis situation, the first impact on the customers, employees as well as other stakeholders is that they start clarifying how it would affect them and their position in the market. The crises communication strategies of the organizations must have the ability to satisfy them with proper replies to all their demanding queries. It is the effectiveness of the crises communication techniques, which determine whether the organizations’ reputation would be impacted negatively or not. An appropriate communication str

Denver founder network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Denver founder network - Essay Example The meeting proceeded on 26th of February and the events conducted at Galvanize office, which is a local incubator for entrepreneurship situated at 1062 Delaware St., Denver, 80204(10th & Speer Blvd.). The events started at 6:00 pm and went up to at least 8:00 pm, hosted by Chris Franks and Josh Churlik. The first part of the meet- up included an informal networking session that consists of the opportunity to interact with the members of Denvers’entrepreneurial community. The attendance was about one hundred people, most of them entrepreneurs and people with business ideas to present in the market( Wasserman 23-160) Tom Bulk was the guest speaker and a partial investor of Zynga game Aug 2007. He is a benefactor of social games services that invented on July 2007 whose headquarters are in Francisco. Tom Bulk did an apps, games for the smart phones which included Iphones and he started with online casino. The eight people in Zynga lacked a disk, however, they farm Ville game that became booster in the business world became profitable after three months of lunch. They had a market target age between 25 to 45 years old, most of the being housewives. Farm Ville generates one million daily from the sell of cherry to gamers (Wasserman 47-190). The name Farmville originated accidentally from the candy crash game. Attendance of the meeting, commonly known as meet-ups, are of great experience due to the casual atmosphere, attendees tend to be supportive, engaging, friendly and fun to talk with. Galvanize provides a good and an enabling environment for people to explore and develop their business ideas (Wasserman 67-210). An incubator creates a friendly and helps those presenting their business ideas generate and acquire more knowledge on the subject in place. Incubation grows the busine ss idea into a real and profitable business, thus the incubates gets a chance to expand their innovative

Scientific paper on a specific management issue Assignment

Scientific paper on a specific management issue - Assignment Example been significant transformation in regard to business that originated from enhanced communication, digitization as well as globalization, and this transformation has considerably changed the nature of different organizations and the manner in which they carry out their daily operations. These changes affect all the industries, therefore, embracing and adapting to these changes is important to the development and growth of businesses. The managements of companies all over the world that are not national firms anymore but have subsidiaries in numerous countries are rapidly becoming multi-national enterprises. Therefore, companies from any nation are now in competition with those operating not only in their local markets but also in the global markets. The ties companies initially had to specific locations are reducing with the increased spread of operations and allies all over the globe. Starting and operating subsidiaries in foreign nations needs a lot of interaction with the domestic environment since the subsidiary gets majority of its resources from the local environment. The national culture of the country that a subsidiary is operating in sets the standard for acceptable social behavior and this affects the sourcing of workers making a study of the national culture important to the establishment of subsidiaries as well as their operation. In this context, this study seeks to identity the impact of national c ulture on patterns of staffing for subsidiaries. Based on the dissimilarities associated with national cultures, the staffing approach taken in the home nation and host nation may be significantly different. In order to assess this, an appreciation of culture, what is meant by the culture of a nation, what is staffing and the manner in which staffing is different in various cultural contexts must be developed. In order to appreciate national cultures and the level to which they affect businesses especially subsidiaries, it is imperative to develop an

Gun on campus position paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gun on campus position paper - Essay Example Campus is among the safest havens in American society. This year pro-gun organizations will again work to overturn campus bans on guns, including in Florida and Texas, where the debate on the issue has been persistent. AASCU with a backing of 370 colleges and universities in 41 states is engaged in a campaign to keep guns off campus. As articulated in its Public Policy Agenda, AASCU opposes state legislation that seeks to strip institutional and system authority to regulate concealed weapons on campus. Three divides exists in the United States. First, five states, which include Colorado, Mississippi, Oregon, Utah, and Wisconsin have laws allowing â€Å"concealed carry† at public colleges and universities. The rest consists of 21 states that do not permit concealed weapons on campuses and 24 leaving the colleges to decide on their gun regulations. The aftermath of Virginia Tech massacre in 2007 left 33 people dead (Guys and guns amok: domestic terrorism and school shootings from the Oklahoma City Bombing to the Virginia Tech massacre, 2008). A similar incidence at Northern Illinois University resulted in the death of six people. Many views were generated concerning campus gun policies in the state legislatures. Progressive increase in the number of states permitting concealed carry at public institutions has been recorded in the last decade (Smith, 2012). For instance, in 2011 and 2012, state lawmakers presented about 34 bills lobbying for concealed handguns on campuses. Mos t of those bills failed to pass. As different concerns arise from the need to permit concealed carry, many of the bills are back on the docket this year. According to the American Council of Education article, two Supreme Court cases have broadened the application of the Second Amendment, which is the right to bear arms. While most states incorporate this right in their constitutions, the decision in McDonald v. Chicago held

Scientific paper on a specific management issue Assignment

Scientific paper on a specific management issue - Assignment Example been significant transformation in regard to business that originated from enhanced communication, digitization as well as globalization, and this transformation has considerably changed the nature of different organizations and the manner in which they carry out their daily operations. These changes affect all the industries, therefore, embracing and adapting to these changes is important to the development and growth of businesses. The managements of companies all over the world that are not national firms anymore but have subsidiaries in numerous countries are rapidly becoming multi-national enterprises. Therefore, companies from any nation are now in competition with those operating not only in their local markets but also in the global markets. The ties companies initially had to specific locations are reducing with the increased spread of operations and allies all over the globe. Starting and operating subsidiaries in foreign nations needs a lot of interaction with the domestic environment since the subsidiary gets majority of its resources from the local environment. The national culture of the country that a subsidiary is operating in sets the standard for acceptable social behavior and this affects the sourcing of workers making a study of the national culture important to the establishment of subsidiaries as well as their operation. In this context, this study seeks to identity the impact of national c ulture on patterns of staffing for subsidiaries. Based on the dissimilarities associated with national cultures, the staffing approach taken in the home nation and host nation may be significantly different. In order to assess this, an appreciation of culture, what is meant by the culture of a nation, what is staffing and the manner in which staffing is different in various cultural contexts must be developed. In order to appreciate national cultures and the level to which they affect businesses especially subsidiaries, it is imperative to develop an

Piracy of Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Piracy of Music - Essay Example The music industry is currently confronting a formidable threat, identified as the practice of music file sharing through peer-to-peer networks or, in more blunt terms, as music piracy and the unauthorized recording and distribution of copyrighted intellectual material. The enormity of the threat is evidenced in the fact that from 2000 to 2003 and, as a direct consequence of music piracy, the industry lost two billion dollars in sale (Desmond et al., 2004). Apart from the significance of the quoted figure, those who earn their livelihood from the music industry are extremely worried about their future and their capacity to continue to support themselves and their families. This concern is clearly articulated by Pimm Fox (2004) who warns that if unauthorized music sharing via peer-to-peer protocols continues unabated, there is no doubt that the greater majority of music stores will be forced out of business. In other words, the piracy of music is not a â€Å"victimless† crime, as many have argued but, is a blatant violation of copyright law which claims victims, as in people whose livelihood is directly and strongly harmed by the practice (Thall, 2003). Therefore, even though some have defended the practice of peer-to-peer music file sharing, the fact is that it is a direct violation of copyright laws and has real victims and, as such must be confronted through an identification of its root causes, commonly argued as overpriced CDs and limited options for legally customized music selections, and the reformation of the music business in a way which would address these causes. Music piracy is an inarguable violation of established copyright laws and of the fundamental legal principle of property. Music, as explained by Frank Thorsberg and Elsa Wenzel (2003) is defined as a form of property and, more specifically, as intellectual property. This means that rights are owned and controlled by an individual, a group of individuals or corporation and that only its legal owners possess the right to exploit and distribute it, or arrange for its exploitation and distribution (Thorsberg and Wenzel, 2003). According to the law, therefore, music is property and each piece of musical creation has an owner whose rights to it, as noted by Thall (2003) are protected and upheld by both national and international law. From the legal perspective, therefore, music is property and each piece of music has a legally identified and registered owner. The fact that music is property over which individuals enjoy ownership rights that are protected by the law, means that the rights to use that music, or property, are controlled by the owner. Peer-to-peer music file sharing, insofar as it violates the owner's right to determine the distribution of his/her property and denies him/her the right to economically exploit his music as a financial asset, is a violation of the rights of property owners as established by the law(Thall, 2003). Accordingly, music copyright owners have denounced, as stated by Thorsberg and Wenzel, (2003) music file sharing as music piracy and the theft of property. When one considers that "civilized society is predicated upon the sanctity of private property" (Thall, 2003), the full enormity of the practice is exposed. Quite simply stated, and from within the legal perspective, the unauthorized downloading of music through peer-to-peer programs such as Kazaa, iMesh or LimeWire, constitutes the theft of private p roperty. In defense of the practice and in response to the legal claim that music piracy is a crime, some have argued that it is a victimless crime which harms no one. This argument is not only baseless but it is in direct contradiction with facts which irrevocably prove that the music industry is suffering near-incalculable loss as a result. Financial estimates calculate annual loss at 350 million dollars per annum with an analysis of the growing popularity of peer-to-peer music file sharing leading to the prediction that this figure is likely to multiply in the near future (Desmond et al.,

Alcohol and Advertising Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and Advertising Essay â€Å"Alcohol is not often thought of as a drug largely because its use is common for both religious and social purposes in most parts of the world. It is a drug, however, and compulsive drinking in excess has become one of modern society’s most serious problems† (ARF). This is so true because many people don’t consider alcohol a drug but the effects it has on you are so serious that it should be. â€Å"The effects of drinking do not depend on the type of alcoholic beverage but rather on the amount of alcohol consumed on a specific occasion† (ARF). To give you a background on alcohol, here is a quick refresher on how it works and the effects it has on your body. â€Å"Alcohol is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine, and less rapidly from the stomach and colon. The drinker’s blood alcohol concentration depends on the amount consumed in a given time, the drinker’s size, sex, body build, and metabolism, and the type and amount of food in the stomach† (ARF). The effects of alcohol are very frightening to even consider. They depend on â€Å"the amount taken at one time, the user’s past drug experience, the manner in which the drug is taken and the circumstances under which the drug is taken† (ARF). At 50mg you experience mild intoxication which includes a â€Å"feeling of warmth, skin flushed; impaired judgment and decreased inhibitions† (ARF). From there you can go all the way down to 500mg which will more than likely cause death. It is an extremely scary thought to know that a substance that can cause death is freely advertised on television so that even our children can see it. In fact, they are the targets of some manufacturers marketing. In this paper we will show you both sides of whether alcohol companies should be allowed to advertise on television or not and then give you our conclusion. No Alcohol Advertising Should Not Be Allowed On Television Alcohol companies should not be allowed to advertise on television. In today’s society, more and more children are spending all of their free time in front of a television. They don’t go outside and play anymore, they just come home from school and flip on Jerry Springer or a soap opera. Adults need to take the responsibility to protect children from undue influences as much as they can. Banning alcohol advertisements would be a simple way to help this process. In a recent study done by the Center for Media Education (CME), they found that many alcohol companies actually target youth even though it is illegal for them to drink. Companies use such things as â€Å"cartoons, personalities, language, music, or branded merchandise popular in youth culture or which would be particularly attractive to college or high-school-aged students† (CME). This shows a blatant attempt on their part to recruit new consumers who are underage. There have been previous attempts to stop alcohol companies from targeting youth such as the Voluntary Alcohol Advertising Standards for Children Act, but that is just the thing, it is voluntary. This is a try at making themselves look responsible but they still really aren’t. This Act pressures broadcasters to simply not run alcohol advertisements. It shouldn’t be the responsibility of the broadcasters to filter what goes on the air. Alcohol companies should not waste their money making these ads to begin with. Instead, they need to target a more mature audience who have the right to consume their products. The beer and liquor companies claim they don’t target youth but how can that be when you see the â€Å"Budweiser frogs or the Coors’ â€Å"Tap the Rockies† campaigns or Seagram’s dogs and Hiram Walker’s Kahlua Mudslide† (Hacker). Many of these companies have, in the past, even advertised on the youth-oriented MTV. Anheuser-Busch just recently pulled their ads off MTV. â€Å"Why did it take 10 years since â€Å"age-21† became the law of the land for the world’s largest brewer to stop competing for attention on MTV with ads for pimple control products and sports equipment† (Hacker)? â€Å"Indeed the evidence is that even young children are aware of alcohol advertisements and tend to remember them. Manufacturers further reduce the chances of young people failing to get the message by sponsorship of sports teams and events and music concerts having particular appeal to the young† (IAS). â€Å"Today, kids are bombarded by more than $700 million in beer, wine, and liquor ads on radio and television. Those ads encourage them to drink, and they bolster unacceptable levels of alcohol consumption among young people and the problems that go with it† (Hacker). When considering the Budweiser frogs, â€Å"a recent study by the San Francisco-based Center on Alcohol Advertising tested commercial and character recall among 9-11 year olds. The results: the children demonstrated higher recall (73%) of the Budweiser frogs’ slogan than of the slogans associated with other television animal characters, including Tony the Tiger (57%), Smokey the Bear (43%), and the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (39%). Only Bugs Bunny did slightly better, at 80% recall of â€Å"Eh, what’s up doc? † Overall, 81% of the children surveyed identified beer as the product promoted by the frogs† (Hacker). This is a scary revelation, that our children know more about beer ads than the cartoon characters who promote good products. There are too many people who are hurting themselves and others as a result of alcohol abuse. In the past, there have been studies done that find there is nothing wrong with alcohol companies advertising on TV, but a study done by the Marin Institute found differently. â€Å"’Until now, most of the studies done on the subject conclude that alcohol advertising doesn’t affect drinking behavior,’ says Henry Saffer, research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, ‘The alcohol industry uses these studies to bolster its argument that advertising only induces people to switch brands. These studies keep coming and find nothing because they set themselves up to find nothing’† (Abramson). â€Å"The NIAAA estimates that 14 million Americans meet the diagnostic criteria for alcohol abuse or dependence and about 100,000 Americans die each year from alcohol-related injuries, one-fourth of them on the highways† (Abramson). Granted that these are not just children but they had to start somewhere too and more than likely they began drinking at a young age. One way to help reduce these injuries and deaths is to create counter-ads. â€Å"Consumption decreases as the level of counter-advertising rises. Counter-advertising could be funded by taxing alcohol advertising† (Abramson). The study done by Saffer at the Marin Institute was a long one, it took three years to complete. â€Å"’Most researchers have little money and use inexpensive or free data on alcohol advertising expenditures that measure advertising at the national level with little annual change’, says Saffer. ‘I was able to obtain quarterly data that cost more than $25,000 from 75 cities, and that made all the difference’† (Abramson). With all of his resources he was able to come to some concrete results using a proven theory. â€Å"Saffer used a theory known as the advertising response function, which says that consumption rises as advertising increases, bus as advertising reaches the point of saturation, consumption tapers off. To measure consumption, he used highway fatalities, more than 40 percent of which involve alcohol consumption† (Abramson). â€Å"Saffer’s statistical analyses of advertising expenditures showed that decreasing alcohol advertising reduces highway fatalities† (Abramson). Another survey done by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation gave remarkable results. â€Å"An overwhelming majority of Americans say they are worried about teen drinking and would support tough measures to help curb the problem† (New and Views). One particular finding was very interesting in that it said sixty-seven percent of Americans would support a ban on television advertising on liquor. If so many people want it, why isn’t on its way to becoming a law? â€Å"There are about 9 million drinkers under age 21 in the United States and half of them are binge drinkers. When they drink, teens increase their risk of violence, date rape, sexually transmitted diseases and injury or death in traffic accidents† (Health You). These kids had to learn it somewhere. Television is becoming a way of life for many teenagers and they take what is on it as the truth. For many of them, discerning between what is the truth and what is just great advertising becomes near impossible. They need help and it is our responsibility as adults to help them. There is legislation now from Representative Kennedy called the â€Å"Children’s Protection from Alcohol Advertising Act†. This â€Å"would eliminate advertising and marketing practices that have the most impact on young people. Remaining ads would, for the first time, honestly reflect that alcohol is the number-three killer in America today, taking a toll of 100,000 lives yearly. Those ads would bear a rotating series of health and safety messages, reminding all viewers and listeners of some of the major risks related to drinking. In addition, alcoholic-beverage product labels, for the first time, would be required to reveal comprehensive, useful consumer information, such as ingredients, calories, and alcohol content, expressed in unit serving terms† (Hacker). The bill would answer the concerns of many parents and adults who feel the alcohol companies go too far in targeting youths. Alcohol companies need to be more responsible for who they target and they should also be prepared to handle the consequences of their actions as more and more people die as a result of their products. They are the ones that should be held accountable for the deaths of so many innocent people. They also should include in their advertisements the real facts. Doing this may deter people from becoming alcohol abusers. The companies do not do this though, â€Å"By definition, alcohol advertising is one-sided, avoiding any reference to the negative aspects of alcohol consumption† (IAS). They need to tell the truth and the truth is that alcohol does no good for anyone, it only hurts and destroys people and the people around them. Yes Alcohol Advertising Should Be Allowed On Television â€Å"Advertising increases alcohol consumption, which increases alcohol abuse†¦right? WRONG. There is no solid evidence from either scientific research or practical experience that this theory of advertising is correct† (Advertising Impact). Alcohol is a legal substance so why wouldn’t it be allowed to be advertised on television? The First Amendment to the Constitution gives us the right to free speech. The American Advertising Federation opposes any effort to restrict truthful advertising about any product or service. â€Å"The U. S. Supreme Court has affirmed that truthful commercial speech enjoys the free speech protections of the First Amendment – including speech about so-called sin products. The government’s right to ban a product does not give it the right to ban speech about the product† (AAF). The AAF does not want restrictions to even begin, â€Å"bans on advertising for one product or service inevitably will lead to bans on advertising for others. Censorship is contagious† (AAF). There are some that believe that the advertising would be okay if they would agree to put warnings on the advertisements. â€Å"The alcohol industry believes that the proposed requirement of warnings in alcohol advertisements is an infringement of their First Amendment rights† (Kelly). The advertising the alcohol industry does do is simply to keep the customers they already have. â€Å"The focus of alcohol advertising is to encourage existing drinkers to maintain their brand preference, or to switch brands, and that it is not intended to attract new customers† (Kelly). â€Å"Much of the debate concerns the possible effects on children and young people. The Advertising Codes prohibit the specific targeting of minors† (IAS). Most children who watch television may like the cartoon characters but that isn’t going to make them go out and demand alcohol. They shouldn’t be allowed or able to obtain it so it shouldn’t really even matter if they see the advertisements for it. â€Å"The evidence also suggests that advertising is of less importance than other influences such as parental attitudes and example and peer group pressure† (IAS). Final Conclusions As you can see from our research, there is solid evidence that advertising alcohol on television needs to stop the way it is being done right now. There are entirely too many targets put onto young viewers. The industry may claim that it is not targeting them but there is really no explanation otherwise. Mother’s Against Drunk Driving (MADD) has come up with an exceptional set of rules for advertising alcohol on television. 1. Beverage alcohol advertising should not: a. portray or encourage drinking by individuals under the age of 21; b. use celebrities, music stars, athletes, animals, cartoon characters or other language or images that have special appeal to youth; c. depict sports, rock concerts, or other events with strong appeal to youth; or d. target spring break activities or cultural, sporting, or marketing events where it can be anticipated that a majority of the audience will be made up of people under age 21. 2. Beverage alcohol advertising should not include the licensing of youth-oriented clothing or toys that feature alcohol brand names, logos, or trade characters. 2. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray or encourage drinking by pregnant women or women who are seeking to become pregnant. 3. Beverage alcohol advertising should not model, suggest, or otherwise encourage heavy consumption. 4. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray or encourage drinking by alcoholics or other groups particularly vulnerable to alcohol abuse. 5. Beverage alcohol advertising should not state or imply that any level of alcohol consumption is risk-free or safe. 6. Beverage alcohol advertising should not associate alcohol consumption with high-risk activities or with situations that require alertness. 7. Beverage alcohol advertising should not depict revelry or hint at the possibility of inebriation. 8. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray drinking as a means to achieve popularity or social acceptance, sexual appeal, or social or financial status. 9. Beverage alcohol advertising should not portray drinking in association with sexual passion, promiscuity, or any other amorous activity as a consequence of or in association with alcohol consumption. These rules would be wonderful if the alcohol companies would follow them. But, with the First Amendment backing them up, they are not going to change the way they market without a fight. The cartoons are working for them, so why should they change? There is a growing problem in this country with underage and binge drinking and these advertisements are only adding to the problem. We need to stop the problem at its root, which would mean taking the Budweiser frogs off the air. This is a great step toward reducing alcohol related deaths and injuries and it isn’t like the industry would be losing any money. They may even retain more profit because their advertising expense would be dramatically cut. We need to regulate these advertisements now! Bibliography American Advertising Federation (AAF). â€Å"AAF Position Statement: Alcohol Advertising Bans†. Available: http://www. aaf. org/bans. html Abramson, Hillary. The Marin Institute. â€Å"Alcohol Ads Increase Drinking†. Available: http://www. marininstitute. org/saffer. html Addiction Research Foundation (ARF). â€Å"Facts about Alcohol†. Available: http://www. arf. org/isd/pim/alcohol. html â€Å"Advertising Impact on Alcohol Abuse†. Available: wysiwig://9/http://www2. potsdam. ed†¦-info/Advertising/Advertising. html Center for Media Education (CME). â€Å"Alcohol Advertising Targeted at Youth on the Internet: An Update†. Available: http://tap. epn. org/cme/981218/alcrep. html Hacker, George. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Available: http://www. cspinet. org/booze/hacker. html Hacker, George. Press Conference on Alcohol Advertising Reforms. May 16, 1997. Available: http://www. cspinet. org/booze/516state. html Health You. May/June 1998. â€Å"Proms, Parents and Alcohol†. Available: http://www. lvhhn. org/healthy_you/magazine/proms_alcohol/ IAS. Available: http://www. ias. org. uk/factsheets/advertising. htm Kelly, Kathleen and Ruth Edwards. â€Å"Image Advertisements for Alcohol Products: Is There Appeal Associated with Adolescents’ Intention to Consume Alcohol? † Adolescence. Spring 1998. V33 n129 p47(13).